Daftar Isi :
Direct speech ( kalimat langsung ) ialah kata-kata kalimat yang di ucapkan langsung oleh si pembicara.
Indirect speech ( kalimat tak langsung ) ialah kalimat yang di ucapkan untuk melaporkan kata-kata si pembicara kepada orang lain. jadi indirect speech ( reported speech) di gunakan bila kita ingin melaporkan kata – kata seseorang kepada orang lain secara tak langsung.
Direct & indirect speech terdiri dari 3 jenis :
- Statement ( pernyataan )
- Command ( Perintah )
- Question ( Pertanyaan )
Perubahan-perubahan yang perlu dari Direct ke Indirect Speech
1. To be & Auxiliary Verb
Direct Indirect
– am / is / are – was / were
– shall / will – should / would
– can – could
– may – might
-must, have / has to, ought to – had to
2. Time & place ( keterangan waktu dan tempat )
Direct Indirect
– Now -Then
– tomorrow – the following day
– next week – the following week
– tonight – that night
– today – that day
– yesterday – the day before
– last night – the night before
– last week – the week before / the previous week
– here – there
– this – that
– these – those
3. Tenses
Direct Indirect
– Simple present – Simple past
– Simple past / present perfect – Past perfect
– Present continuous – Past continuous
– Present perfect continuous – Past perfect continuous
– Simple future – Past future
STATEMENT ( Pernyataan )
Dalam indirect statement, kita menggunakan kata that ( = bahwa ) sebagai penghubung antara kalimat pengantar ( introductory phrase ) dan kata-kata yang di laporkan ( reported words). kalimat – kalimat pengantar dalam Indirect statement ialah :
subject + said/said to/told + that + Reported words
e.g
* Mary told her friend : “I have been to Bali twice. “ ( Direct speech )
– Mary told her friends that she had been to Bali twice. ( Indirect speech )
* Father said : “ I am going out of town tomorrow” . ( direct speech )
– Father said that he was going out of town the following day. ( Indirect speech )
* Mary told john : “ My father warned me last night “. ( Direct speech )
– Mary told John that her father had warned her the night before. ( Indirect speech )
* My sister said to me : “ I don’t like tennis” . ( Direct speech )
– My sister said to me that she didn’t like tennis. ( Indirect speech )
* Tom said : “ I didn’t go to school this morning “. ( Direct speech )
– Tom said that he hadn’t gone to school that morning. ( Indirect speech )
Apabila kalimat pengantarnya dalam bentuk simple present tense, maka kalimat yang di laporkan tidak mengalami perubahan
e.g
* John says : “ I will go to Bandung tomorrow “. ( Direct speech )
( John berkata : “ Saya akan pergi ke bandung besok )
– John says that he will go to Bandung tomorrow. ( Indirect speech )
( John berkata bahwa dia akan pergi ke Bandung besok )
* My Brother says: “I don’t like English”. ( Direct speech )
( Kakak ku berkata : “ Saya tidak suka bahasa Inggris )
– My Brother says that he doesn’t like English. ( Indirect speech )
( Kakak ku berkata bahwa dia tidak suka bahasa inggris )
COMMAND ( Perintah )
Command di bagi dalam 2 bagian yaitu :
- Positive Command
- Negative Command
1. Positive Command
Dalam perintah positif kita tambahkan to di depan kalimat perintahnya, sebagai penghubung antara kalimat pengantar dan perintah yang di laporkan, kalimat- kalimat pengantar dalam jenis ini ialah :
Subject + asked/told + to + infinitive
e.g
* He asked me : “ Open your book “. ( Direct speech )
( Dia meminta saya : “ buka bukumu “.)
– He asked me to open my book. ( Indirect speech )
( Dia MEminta saya untuk membuka buku saya )
* Mary told John : “ wait until I come”. ( direct speech )
( Mary Memberi tahu John : “ Tunggu sampai saya datang “)
– Mary told John to wait until she come. ( Indirect speech )
( Mary member tahu John untuk menunggu sampai dia datang )
2. Negative Command
Dalam perintah negative kita tambahkan not to di depan perintah yang di laporkan
e.g * Syifa told Syamil : “ Don’t wait for me” ( Direct speech )
( Syifa member tahu Syamil : “ Jangan tunggu saya “ )
– Syifa told Syamil not to wait for her. ( Indirect speech )
( Syifa Memberi tahu Syamil Untuk tidak menunggunya )
* Father asked her : “ Don’t go there alone” ( Direct speech )
( Ayah meminta dia : “ Jangan pergi kesana sendiri )
– Father asked her not to go there alone. ( Indirect speech )
( Ayah meminta dia untuk tidak pergi kesna sendiri )
QUESTION ( Pertanyaan )
Bila kita bertanya langsung ( Direct question ) kita menggunakan kata-kata : where, when, why, what, who, how, dll. maka kata- kata tersebut di gunakan sebagai penghubung dalam reported speech, Pertanyaan yang di laporkan berubah menjadi bentuk ppositif. kalimat pengantarnya ialah :
Subject + where/when/etc + asked + Positive Form
e.g
* The man asked me : “ Where do youlive ? “. ( Direct speech )
( Seorang lelaki bertanya kepada saya : “dimana kamu tinggal ?“.)
– The man asked me where I live. ( Indirect speech )
( Seorang lelaki bertanya kepada saya dimana saya tinggal )
* Mary asked John : “ why do you get angry with me?”. ( direct speech )
( Mary bertanya pada John : “ mengapa kamu marah kepada ku ?? “)
– Mary asked John why he got angry with her . ( Indirect speech )
( Mary bertanya kepada John mengapa dia marah kepadanya )
Bila pertanyaan langsung tidak menggunakan kata-kata Tanya, dan hanya merupakan kata- kata Tanya dalam bentuk ” yes & No question “, maka kita menggunakan kata- k ata if, whether (= jika, apakah) sebagai penghubung antara kalimat pengantar dan pertanyaan yang di laporkan.
e.g
* The boy asked John : “ Does mary live near here ?” ( Direct speech )
( anak lelaki itu bertanya pada John : “ Apakah Mary tinggal dekat sini ? “ )
– The boy asked John if mary lived near there ?. ( Indirect speech )
( Anak lelaki itu bertanya pada John apakah Mary tinggal di dekat sana ?)
Note : Baik if maupun whether dapat di gunakan bergantian.
REPORTED SPEECH / MIXED TYPE ( Jenis Gabungan )
Bila pertanyaan dan pertanyaan di gabung dalam Reported Speech maka kita menggunakan kata as (= karena ) sebagai penghubung pada bagian kalimatpernyataan yang di laporkan, dalam hal kalimat pernyataan tersebut di laporkan kemudian. perhatikanlah contoh – contoh berikut :
e.g
* She asked me : “ What is the time? my whatch has stopped “. ( Direct speech )
( Dia bertanya pada saya : “ Jam berapa sekarang ? jam saya mati“.)
– She asked me what the time was as her watch had stopped. ( Indirect speech )
( Dia bertanya pada saya jam berapa sekarang karena jam dia mati )
* Mary asked John : “ what is the matter with you? you don’t look well”. ( direct speech )
( Mary bertanya pada John : “ Ada apa denganmu ? kamu terlihat tidak baik ? “)
– Mary asked John what the matter was with him as he didn’t look well. ( Indirect speech )
( Mary bertanya kepada John ada apa dengan dia karena dia kelihatan tidak baik )
Bila dalam pernyataan langsung di sertai dengan jawaban Yes dan No, maka kita menggunakan kata But sebagai penghubung untuk jawaban No, dan kata And sebagai penghubung kata Yes.
e.g
* She asked me : “ Will you go out with me? “ No, I won’t “. ( Direct speech )
( Dia bertanya pada saya : “ maukah kamu pergi bersama saya ? tidak, saya tidak mau“.)
– She asked me if I would go out with her but I said I wouldn’t . ( Indirect speech )
( Dia bertanya pada saya apakah saya mau pergi bersamanya tetapi saya bilang saya tidak mau )
* Mary asked John : “ Did you phone me last night ? yes, I did”. ( direct speech )
( Mary bertanya pada John : “ Apakah kamu menelponku tadi malam? ya, saya menelponmu “)
– Mary asked John if he had phoned her the night before and he said he had. ( Indirect speech )
( Mary bertanya kepada John apakah dia menelponnya tadi malam dan dia berkata dia telah melakukanya )
Direct & indirect with auxiliaries
Perhatikan perubahan- perubahan yang perlu dari Auxiliaries berikut :
Direct Indirect
was / were – Had been
can – could
may – might
must & have to – had to
must not – wasn’t to/ mustn’t
needn’t – didn’t have to
e.g
* Mary said : “ I was sick yesterday “. ( Direct speech )
( Mary berkata : “ saya sakit kemarin “.)
– Mary said that she had been sick the day before. ( Indirect speech )
( Mary berkata bahwa dia telah sakit kemarin)
* The man asked me : “ Can you speak English ? ”. ( direct speech )
( Seorang lelaki bertanya padaku : “ Apakah kamu bisa berbicara bahasa inggris? “)
– The man asked me if I could speak English. ( Indirect speech )
( Seorang lelaki bertanya padaku apakah aku dapat berbicara bahasa inggris ? )
* Mary said to john : “ You may come to my house tomorrow “. ( Direct speech )
( Mary berkata kepada John : “ kamu bisa datang ke rumahku besok “.)
– Mary said to John that he might come to her house the following day . ( Indirect speech )
( Mary berkata kepada John bahwa dia bisa datang ke rumahnya besok )
* Mother told John : “ You must study harder if you want to pass the exam ? ”. ( direct speech )
( Ibu berkata kepada John : “ Kamu harus belajar sungguh – sungguh jika ingin lulus ujian “)
– Mother Told John that he had to study harder if he wanted to pass the exam. ( Indirect speech )
( Ibu berkata pada John bahwa dia harus belajar dengan sungguh- sungguh jika dia ingin lulus ujian )
* The teacher told them : “ You needn’t hurry“. ( Direct speech )
( Guru berkata kepada mereka : “ Kalian tidak perlu tergesa- gesa “.)
– The teacher told them that they didn’t have to hurry. ( Indirect speech )
( Guru berkata kepada mereka bahwa mereka tidak perlu tergesa- gesa )
